The variance of word-forming suffixes in conversational person names based on external features

Abstract: The paper deals with the vagaries of linguistic russification among the Ukrainians from the midseventeenth century to 1914. The authors explore the major stages in the implementation of the policies of russification in Russian Ukraine, starting with first bans on books printed in Church Slavonic of the Ukrainian recension via the decrees and edicts issued by Peter I together with the Holy Synod to the punitive measures taken by the tsarist regime against new literary Ukrainian in the second half of the nineteenth century. The authors distinguish three languages (Church Slavonic of the Ukrainian recension, Ruthenian, and new literary Ukrainian) which were consecutively exposed to various forms of hostile language management by the tsarist administration.Based on these three languages and the classification into different models of imperial policy, a new periodization of linguistic russification and denationalization is substantiated. The material analyzed with the help of this new periodization proves that Russia’s rulers had special reasons for treating Ukraine more severely than other non-Russian areas, resulting in a constant, consistent, and long-lasting policy of linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine.

Keywords: Ukrainian-Russian interlingual relations, sociolinguistics, Russification, imperial censorship, Rusian language, Ruthenian, Church Slavonic language, Standard Ukrainian

LEGEND
Arkhiv 1872 — Arkhiv jugo-zapadnoi Rossii (5(1): Akty, otnosiasshchiesia k delu o podchinenii Kievskoi metropolii Moskovskomu patriarkhatu (1620—1694 g.)). (1872). Kyiv: Gub. Tip. (in Russian).
Otmena 1905 — Ob otmene stesnenii malorusskogo pechatnogo slova. (1905). Saint Petersburg: Tipografia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk (in Russian).
Prěnie 1859 — Prěnie litovskogo protopopa Lavrentiia Zizaniia s igumenomʹʹ Ilieiu i spravshchikomʹʹ Grigoriemʹʹ po povodu ispravleniia sostavlennogo Lavrentiem katikhizisa. Letopisi russkoi literatury i drevnosti, izdavaemye Nikolaem [S.] Tikhonravovym (Vol. 2, pp. 80—100). (1859). Moscow: Tip. Gracheva i С (in Russian).
PS 1876, 1881, 1890 — Polnoe sobranie postanovlenii i rasporiazhenii po vedomstvu pravoslavnogo ispo ve da niia Rossiiskoi Imperii (Vols. 4—7). (1876, 1881, 1890). Saint Petersburg: Sinodalʹnaia Tipografiia (in Russian).
PSK 1910 — Polnoe sobranie postanovlenii i rasporiazhenii po vedomstvu pravoslavnogo ispovedaniia Rossiiskoi Imperii. Tsarstvovanie gosudaryni Imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi (Vol. 1: 1762—1772). (1910). Saint Petersburg: Sinodalʹnaia Tipografiia (in Russian).
Sbornik 1871 — Sbornik Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshchestva (Vol. 7: Bumagi imperatritsy Ekateriny II). (1871). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi akademii nauk (in Russian).

REFERENCES
Andriewsky, O. (2003). The Russian-Ukrainian discourse and the failure of the ‘Little Russian Solution’, 1782—1917. In A. Kappeler, Z. E. Kohut, F. E. Sysyn, & M. von Hagen (Eds.), Culture, nation, and identity. The Ukrainian-Russian encounter (1600—1945) (pp. 182—214).Edmonton — Toronto: University of Alberta Press (in English).
Askochenskii, V. (1856). Kiev s drevneishim ego uchilishchem akademieiu (Vol. 2). Kyiv: Universitetskaia tipografiia (in Russian).
Batalden, S. K. (1991). Printing the Bible in the reign of Alexander I: Toward a reinterpretation of the Imperial Russian Bible Society. In G. A. Hosking (Ed.), Church, nation and state in Russia and Ukraine (pp. 65—78). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK (in English).
Bednarczuk, L. (2010). Językowy obraz Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Millenium Lithuaniae MIX—MMIX. Cracow: Lexis (in Polish).
Boriak, H. (Ed.) (2013). Ukraїnsʹka identychnistʹ i movne pytannia v Rosiisʹkii imperiї: Sproba derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia (1847—1914). Kyiv: Instytut istoriї Ukraїny (in Ukrainian).
Bushkovitch, P. (1991). The Ukraine in Russian culture 1790—1860: The evidence of the journals. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 39(3), 339—363 (in English).
Cymbalistyj, P. (1991). Ukrainian linguistic elements in the Russian language, 1680—1760. London: The School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2006a). Slavica et Islamica. Ukrainian in context. Munich: Otto Sagner (in English). Danylenko, A. (2006b). On the name(s) of the prostaja mova in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Studia Slavica Hungarica, 51(1—2), 97—121 (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2006c). ‘Prostaja mova’, ‘Kitab’, and Polissian standard. Die Welt der Slaven, 50(1), 80—115 (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2008a). The formation of New Standard Ukrainian. From the history of an undeclared contest between Right- and Left-Bank Ukraine in the 18th century. Die Welt der Slaven, 53(1), 82—115 (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2008b). The new Ukrainian standard language of 1798: Tradition vs. innovation. In Ch. Y. Bethin (Ed.), American contributions to the 14th International Congress of Slavists. Ohrid, September 2008 (Vol. 1: Linguistics, pp. 59—74). Bloomington, IN: Slavica (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2010). The Ukrainian Bible and the Valuev Circular of 18 July 1863. Acta Slavica Iaponica, 28(1), 1—21 (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2011a). Linguistic and cultural border crossings in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or, can the Grand Duchy of Lithuania be defined as a Sprachareal? In D. Petit, C. Le Feuvre, & H. Menantaud (Eds.), Langues baltiques, langues slaves (pp. 141—173). Paris: CNRS edition (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2011b). ‘With a dispatch of seven cucumbers fresh…’: Mykola Xanenko as a case study of linguistic mentality in the eighteenth-century Hetmanate. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 29(1—4): Ukrainian philology and linguistics in the twenty-first century, 225—256 (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2016). From the Bible to Shakespeare. Pantelejmon Kuliš (1819—1897) and the formation of literary Ukrainian. Boston: Academic studies press (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2017a). The ‘doubling of Hallelujah’ for the ‘bastard tongue’. The Ukrainian language question in Russian Ukraine, 1905—1916. In M. S. Flier & A. Graziosi (Eds.), The bat tle for Ukrainian. A comparative perspective (pp. 63—95). Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University Press (in English).
Danylenko, A. (2017b). On the names of Ruthenia in early modern Poland—Lithuania. In M. Németh, B. Podolak, & M. Urban (Eds.), Essays in the history of languages and linguistics. Dedicated to Marek Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday (pp. 161—173). Cracow: Księgarnia Akademicka.https://doi.org/ 10.12797/9788376388618.08 (in English).
Dini, P. U. (1997). Le lingue baltiche. Florence: La Nuova Italia (in Italian).
Dmytryshyn, B. (1970). Introduction. In F. Savchenko, O. Pritsak, & B. Dmytryshyn, The suppression of the Ukrainian activities in 1876. Reprint of the Kiev 1930 edition (pp. xv—xxix). Munich. (Original published 1930) (in English).
Dobilov, M., & Staliunas, D. (2005). Vvedenie k forumu ‘Alfavit, iazyk i natsionalʹnaia identichnostʹ v Rossiiskoi imperii’. Ab Imperio, 2, 123—134 (in Russian).
Frick, D. A. (1992). Zyzanij and Smotryc’kyj (Moscow, Constantinople, and Kiev): Episodes in crosscultural misunderstanding. Journal of Ukrainian Studies, 17(1—2), 67—93 (in English).
Hosking, G. A. (1997). Russia. People and empire, 1552—1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (in English).
Isichenko, I. (2013). Istoriia khrystovoї tserkvy v Ukraїni. Kharkiv: Akta (in Ukrainian).
Kappeler, A. (2001). The Russian empire: A multiethnic empire. Harlow — New York: Pearson Education (in English).
Katkov, M. N. (1887). 1863 god. Sobranie statei po polʹskomu voprosu, pomeshchavshikhsia v Moskovskikh vedomostiakh, Russkom vestnike i sovremennoi letopisi (Vols. 1—2). Moscow: Univer-sitetskaia ipografiia (in Russian).
Kharlampovich, K. V. (1914). Malorossiiskoe vliianie na velikorusskuiu tserkovnuiu zhiznʹ. Kazan: Izdanie knizhnogo magazina M.A. Golubeva (in Russian).
Kohut, Z. E. (1988). Russian centralism and Ukrainian autonomy. Imperial absorption of the Hetmanate. 1760s—1830s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (in English).
Kuczyńska, M. (2004). Ruska homiletyka XVIII wieku w Rzeczypospolitej. Ewolucja gatunku — specyfika funkcjonalna. Szczecin: Uniwersytet Szczeciński (in Polish).
Lazarevskii, A. (1887). Universal getʹmana Skoropadskogo o perevode ‘knig pravnykh’ na ma lorus skii iazyk. Kievskaia Starina, 17, 788—789 (in Russian).
Lebedev, A. S. (1885). Kharʹkovskii kollegium kak prosvetitelʹnyi tsentr Slobodskoi Ukrainy do chrezhdeniia v Kharʹkove universiteta. Chteniia v Imperatorskom Obshchestve Istorii i Drevnostei Rossiiskikh pri Moskovskom Universitete, 4, 1—103 (in Russian). Lourié, B. (2010). Russian christianity. In K. Parry (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Eastern christianity (pp. 207—230). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing (in English).
Magocsi, P. (1997). A history of Ukraine. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (in English).
Makar, H. (2014). Cenzurni peresliduvannia ukraїnsʹkoї movy v Rossiisʹkii imperiї v kintsi XIX — na pochatku XX st. Suchasni Problemy Movoznavstva ta Literaturoznavstva, 19, 46—52 (in Ukrainian).
Miller, A. (2002). Rusifikatsii: Klassifitsirovatʹ i poniatʹ. Ab Imperio, 2, 133—148 (in Russian).
Miller, A. (2003). The Ukrainian question. The Russian Empire and nationalism in the nineteenth century. Budapest — New York: Central European University Press (in English).
Miller, A. (2008). The Romanov Empire and nationalism. Essays in the methodology of historical research. Budapest — New York: Central European University Press (in English).
Miller, A. I., & Ostapchuk, O. A. (2006). Latinitsa i kirillitsa v ukrainskom natsionalʹnom diskurse i iazykovoi politike Rossiiskoi i Gabsburgskoi imperii. Slavianovedenie, 5, 25—48 (in Russian).
Moser, M. (1998). Ostukrainische Urkundenund Geschäftssprache im 18. Jahrhundert. Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie, 57(2), 379—407 (in German).
Naienko, H. (2017). Chynnyky variantnosti hramatychnoї systemy ukraїnsʹkoї movy XVII stolittia. Ukraїnsʹke Movoznavstvo, 1(47), 27—35 (in Ukrainian).
Nyzovyi, M. (2002). Ukraїnsʹka statystyka druku: Osnovni etapy stanovlennia ta rozvytku. Kyiv: Knyzhkova palata Ukraїny (in Ukrainian).
Ohiienko, I. (1950). Istoriia ukraїnsʹkoї literaturnoї movy. Winnipeg: Nasha kulʹtura (in Ukrainian).
Ohiienko, I. (2007). Istoriia ukraїnsʹkoho drukarstva (M. Tymoshyk, Ed.). Kyiv: Nasha kulʹtura i nauka (in Ukrainian).
Pavlenko, A. (2011). Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: Peasants into Russians? Russian Linguistics, 35(3), 331—350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7 (in English).
Pekarskii, P. (1862). Nauka i literatura v Rossii pri Petre Velikom (Vol. 2). Saint Petersburg: Izdanie Tovarishchestva “Obshchestvennaia polʹza” (in Russian).
Petliura, S. (1912). Ukrainskii otdel na vystavke proizvedenii pechati. Ukrainskaia Zhyznʹ, 9, 78—86 (in Russian).
Plokhy, S. (2001). The cossacks and religion in early modern Ukraine. New York — Oxford: Oxford University Press (in English).
Plokhy, S. (2006). The origins of the Slavic nations. Premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (in English).
Remy, J. (2007). The Valuev Circular and censorship of Ukrainian publications in the Russian Empire (1863—1876). Intention and practice. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 49(1—2), 87—110 (in English).
Remy, J. (2016). Brothers or enemies. The Ukrainian national movement and Russia, from the 1840s to the 1870s. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (in English).
Saunders, D. (2005). Russia’s nationality policy: The case of Ukraine (1847—1941). In S. Plokhy & F. E. Sysyn (Eds.), Synopsis: A collection of essays in honor of Zenon E. Kohut (pp. 399—419). Toronto: anadian Institutе of Ukranian Study Pr. Shevelov, G. Y. (1979). A historical phonology of the Ukrainian language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter (in English).
Shevelov, G. Y. (1989). The Ukrainian language in the first half of the twentieth century (1900—1941). Its state and status. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (in English).
Snyder, T. (2003). The reconstruction of nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569—1999. New Haven, CO — London: Yale University Press (in English).
Struve, P. (1911). Chto zhe takoe Rossia? Russkaia Myslʹ, 1, 184—187 (in Russian).
Taranenko, O. O. (2007). Ukrainian and Russian in contact: Attraction and estrangement. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 183(1), 119—140. https://doi.org/10.1313/ IJSL.2007.007 (in English).
Titov, Kh. (1924). Stara vyshcha osvita v Kyїvsʹkii Ukraїni XVI — poch. XIX v. Kyiv: Z Drukarni Ukraїnsʹkoї Akademiї Nauk (in Ukrainian).
Torke, H.-J. (1996). Moskau und sein Westen: Zur ‘Ruthenisierung’ der russischen Kultur. In M. G. Müller, A. L. Choroskevic, G. Schödl, & L. Thomas (Eds.), Osteuropäische Geschichte in vergleichender Sicht. Festschrift für Klaus Zernack zum 65. Geburtstag (Vol. 1, pp. 101—120). Berlin: Akademie Verlag (in German).
Vakulenko, S. (2004). Slavizzazione della terminologia scolastica nella Filosofia aristotelica all’avviso dei peripatetici di Manujlo Kozačyns’kyj. In G. Siedina (Ed.), Mazepa e il suo tempo. Storia, cultura, società (pp. 541—563). Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso (in Іtalian).
Uspenskii, B. (1994). Izbrannye trudy (Vol. 2: Iazyk i kulʹtura). Moscow: Gnozis (in Russian).
Vulpius, R. (2005). Nationalisierung der Religion. Russifizierungspolitik und ukrainische Nationsbildung 1860—1920. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag (in German).
Weeks, T. R. (1996). Nation and state in late imperial Russia. Nationalism and russification on the western frontier, 1863—1914. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press (in English).
Weeks, T. R. (2001). Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863—1905. Slavic Review, 60(1), 96—114 (in English).
Zhiteckii, P. (1900). Eneida Kotliarevskogo i drevneishii spisok ee v sviazi s obzorom malorusskoi literatury XVIII veka. Kyiv: Tipografiia Imperatorskogo Universiteta Sv. Vladimira (in Russian).
Zhivov, V. M. (1996). Iazyk i kulʹtura v Rossii XVIII veka. Moscow: Iazyki russkoi kulʹtury (in Russian).
Zhivov, V. (2003). The question of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Russian-Ukrainian relations (Seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries). In A. Kappeler, Z. E. Kohut, F. E. Sysyn, & M. von Hagen (Eds.), Culture, nation and identity. The Ukrainian-Russian encounters, 1600—1945 (pp. 1—18). Edmonton — Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (in English).